| DERMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS & SUNSCREENS
1. EMOLLIENTS Ego Skin Cream : Formula : Cetyl alcohol 5% Glycerol 7.5% Liquid paraffin 5%Lactacyd : Formula : Lactoserum atomizate 0.9 gm Lactic acid 1 gm Phosphoric acid, pH 3.5Lacticare : Forumula : Lactic acid 5% Sod pyrrolidone carboxylate 2.5%Oilatum Cream : Formula : Arachis oil 21%QV Cream : Formula : Glycerin 10% Squalane 3% Dimethicone 3% Lipids 15%QV Skin Lotion : Formula : Liquid paraffin 5% Glycerol 5%Sebamed : Formula : Glycerin Sorbitol Cetearyl alcohol Sodium lactate Mineral oil Deaploleate Isopropyllanolate Perfume Dimethicone Allantoin Chamomile extract Methyldibromoglutaronitril (and) phenoxyethanol Sorbic acid Potassium sorbate BHT Citricacid Ascorbyl palmitateSilic 15 Ego : Formula : Dimethicone 15% Cetyl alcohol 5% Glycerol 2%Urederm : Formula : Urea 10%(Skin Repair : Formula : Dimethicone)Keri Lotion/Cream:Formula : Mineral oil
2. BATH ADDITIVES
Tar containing examples :
QV Tar : Pinetar 2.3%, liquid paraffin
Pinetarsol : Pinetar 2.3%, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate 6%, liquid paraffin
Polytar : Tar 7.5%, cade oil 7.5%, coal tar solution 2.5%,
Emollient Arachis oil extract of crude coal tar 7.5%, Mineral oil 35%
Bath oil :
QV Bath Oil : Lipids 90%, Nonionic dispersing agent
Alpha Keri : Mineral oil, lanolin oil
Oilatum : Acetylated wool alcohol 5%, liquid paraffin 63.4%
Emollient
Antiseptic containing :
Dettol Liquid : Chloroxylenol, terpineol, isopropyl alcohol
Salvon : Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.3%, Cetrimide 3%
Miscellaneous agents :
Aveeno : Oatmeal
3. SHAMPOOS
Nizoral shampoo : Ketoconazole
Sebitar : Pine tar 1%, coal tar 1%, salicylic acid 2%, undecylenamide 1%, coconut imidazoeine betaine 7.5%, lauryl triglycol ether sulphate 2.8%
Polytar Liquid : Tar 0.3%, cade oil 0.3%, coal tar 0.1%, arachis oil extr of crude coal tar 0.3%, oleyl alcohol 1%
Selsun Blue : 1% Selenium sulfide
Head & Shoulder : 1% Zinc pyrithione
4. ANTIPRURITICS
Eurax : 10% Crotamiton
Anthisan : 2% Mepyramine maleate
Caladryl : Calamine 8%, camphor 0.1%, diphenhydramine HCl 1%, alcohol 2%
5. ANTIPERSPIRANT
Driclor : 20% Aluminium choride hexahydrate
6. KERATOLYTICS
Calmurid : Carbamide 10%, lactic acid 5%
Collomack : Salicylic acid 2 gm, lactic acid 0.5 gm, oxypolyethoxyl dodecane 0.2 gm, dibutylphthalate 0.1 gm, ethylcellulose 0.55 mg, acetone 6.65 gm, chrysoin S 0.4 mg
Duofilm : Salicylic acid 16.7%, lactic acid 16.7%
7. TOPICAL STEROID
8. MOUTH GARGLE & TOPICAL MEDICAMENT USED IN MOUTH
Bactidol : 0.1% Hexetidine
Bonjela : 8.7% Choline salicylate
Mycostatin : Nystatin
Suspension
Orased : Choline salicylate 9%
Lidocaine 2.5%
Chlorhexidine acetate 0.5%
Cetyl pyridinium chloride 0.066%
Kenalog in : 0.1% Triamcinolone acetonide
Orabase
9. ANTIBACTERIAL
Aureomycin (O) : 3% Chlortetracycline
Bactroban (O) : 2% Mupirocin
Fucidin (C&O) : 2% Fusidic acid in cream
Sodium fusidate in ointment
Garamycin (C) : 0.1% Gentamicin sulfate
Nekacetin : 0.5 % Neomycin sulphate
(O; powd; pwd spray)
Dermazin; : 1% Silver sulfadiazine
Flamazine;
Silvazine (C)
Rozex (Gel) : 0.75% Metronidazole (for acne rosacea)
Soframycin (O) : Framycetin sulfate 1.5%
Gramicidin 0.005%
Terramycin with : Oxytetracycline HCl 30 mg
Polymyxin B (O) Polymyxin B sulf 10,000 unit per gm
Vioform (C) : 3% Clioquinol
10. ANTIFUNGAL
10.1 Imidazoles are active against dermatophyte and candida and pityrosporum infections. They also inhibits growth of some gram-positive bacteria.
Canesten, clozole, lotremin, myco-hermal, 1% clotrimazole (cr or lotion)
Daktarin, 2% miconazole cr
Dermazole, pervaryl, 1% econazole nitrate cr
Exelderm, 1 % sulconazole nitrate cr
Mycospor, 1% bifonazole cr
Travogen, 1% isoconazole cr
Trosyd, 1% tioconazole cr
10.2 Allylamine are active against dermatophyte but less effective against candia and pityrosporum infections when compared with azole derivatives.
Exoderil : 1% Naftifine HCl cr
Lamisil : 1% Terbinafine cr
10.3 Polyenes are active against candida sp but not dermatophytes.
Fungizone : 3% amphotericin B cr
Mycostatin, : 100,000 u/gm Nystatin cr
Nadostine
10.4 Miscellaneous compounds including older products that are generally less active and more irritant and newer agents that do not fall into a particular class of drugs listed above.
- Tolnaftate active againsts dermatophytes and pityriasis versicolor but not candida & bacteria.
Aftate; Scholl; : containing 1% (cr/solution/powd spray)
Tinaderm
- Ciclopiroxolamine spectrum similar to imidazole.
Batrafen : containing 1% cr
- Undecylenic acid more irrtant, ususally as an ingredient of foot powders for prophylaxis or treatment of tinea pedis.
Dagra foot powder : Zn undecylenate (salicylic acid, boric acid, hexachlorophene)
Other including : Detrisol oint, egomycol solution, mycoderm cr/powd, mycota cr/powd/spray, tineafax oint/powd, benzoderm soap
- Haloprogin is active against dermatophyte, tinea versicolor and in vitro also against staphylococci, streptococci, and candida albicans.
Polik : 1% solution
- Tolciclate spectrum similar to imidazole
Tolmicen : 1% cr/lotion, 0.5% powd
11. WART TREATMENT
Posalfilin : Podophyllum resin 20%
Salicylic acid 10%
Verrumal : Fluorouracil 0.5%
Salicylic acid 10%
Dimethylsulfoxide 8%
Wartec : Podophyllotoxin 0.5%
12. PREPARATIONS OF TREATMENT OF SCABIES & OTHER ECTOPARASITE
Kwell : 1% Lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride)
available in lotion, cream, shampoo preparation
13. PREPARATION FOR ACNE
Retinoid : Retin A & stieva A contain 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% tretinoin in the form of gel or cream
Eudyna contains 0.05% tretinoin in cream or gel form
ACTA contains 0.1% tretinoin in cream form
Benzoyl peroxide : Panoxyl contain 2.5%, 5%, 10% in AQ gel/gel form or 5% in cleansing bar
Oxy contain 5% or 10%
Quinoderm contain 5%
Antibiotics : Akne-mycin or stiemycin contain 1% or 2% emulsion or solution form
(erythromycin 1% emulsion or 2% solution)
Dalacin T contain 1% clindamycin phosphate in lotion or solution form
Neomedrol acne contain neomycin sulfate (methylprednisolone acetate & alcloxa culphur)
Sulphur : Acne aid contain sulfur 2.5%, resorcinol 1.25%, chloroxylenol 0.375% in cream
Eskamel contain 8% shulphur, 2% resorcinol
Clearasil also contain sulphur & resorcinol
Miscellaneous : Skinoren contains 20% azelaic acid
products
including Brasivol fine contains alum oxide
Phisoderm/phisohex reformulated contains entsufon & tricolsan respectively
14. PREPARATIONS FOR PSORIASIS
Egopsoryl TA cr : Allantoin 2.5%, sulfur 0.5%, phenol 0.5%, coal tar solution 5%, menthol 0.75%, glycerol 18%
Daivonex oint : Calcipotriol 50 mcg/ml
Other including tar containing bath additive & shampoo, topical steroid with or without salicylic acid should refer to the respective section.
15. SUNSCREENS
In the past few decades, a nice sun-tan has been equated with health and beauty. It is now increasingly recognised that excessive sun exposure on fair skin is important in cutaneous aging and skin malignancy, the wavelengths of the solar radiation involved appear to be within the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum which extends from 200-400 nm #. The recent increased incidence of cutaneous malignancy can be largely attributed to increased sun exposure and thinning of the stratospheric ozone which used to be an effective filter against solar ultra-violet radiation.
The awareness of the causative role of excessive UV exposure to sunburn, skin ageing, photodermatoses and most important of all - skin cancer leads to increased popularity of sunscreens. In general, sunscreens can be divided into 2 main types :
(i) Physical
These are opaque and reflect or scatter an incident UVR. Examples are zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and magnesium silicate. They protect against both the UVB and UVA. Hypersensitivity reaction to the components are uncommon; however, they are not as cosmetically acceptable as the chemical sunscreens. Recently, the active ingredients are made in micronized forms which reflects the visible light to a lesser extent and hence less opaque whilst retaining the same effective UV blocking range.
(ii) Chemical
These act by absorbing UVB; examples are para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters, salicylates, cinnamates, anthranilates and the benzophenones.
In addition to UVB, benzophenone compounds also absorb wavelengths from 250-365 nm, and somewhat from 365-400 nm. However, it is less effective than PABA in the UVB spectrum.
Cinnamates can also absorb UVA.
Commercial products are usually composed of more than one active ingredient.
Examples of commonly used preparations are :
(i) Sunsense : Titanium dioxide Co 3%
Oxybenzone 5%
Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate 7.5%
Butylmethoxy-dibenzoylmethane 1.5 %
(ii) Coppertone : Ethylhexyl p-methoxylcinnamate
2-ethylhexyl salicylate
Octocrylene
Oxybenzone
In order to afford protection against the harmful effect of solar radiation in suspectible individuals, a sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF *) >15 is required. This means that a greater than 15 times of sun exposure is required to produce the same reddening of skin by comparison with unprotected skin. The greater the SPF, the greater the protection it will be. However, a sunscreen with too high a SPF may produce follicular occlusion.
Sunscreen agents like PABA esters are potential sensitizers producing allergic contact dermatitis which may mistaken as a 'failure of UV protection'.
Topical sunscreens are NOT a substitute for avoidance of mid-day sunlight and protective clothing. Recent studies suggest that while people are using sunscreens more frequently, they expose themselves more often to the sun, and hence to repeated sub-erythemogenic doses of UVR which may even be more harmful.
UVR = Refer to the wavelength range from 200-400 nm.
UVA : 320-400 nm
Comprises 90% of UVR reaching the Earth's surface.
UVA and UVB are both responsible for photoageing.
UVB : 290-320 nm
Comprises only 10% of UVR reaching the earth surface due to its absorption by the stratospheric ozone.
This range of wavelengths is largely responsible for the induction of skin cancer.
UVC : 200-290 nm
Wavelengths below 290 nm are completely absorbed by the stratospheric ozone and thus are not present in natural sunlight.
* SPF = Ratio of minimal erythema dose of protected skin to minimal erythema dose of unprotected skin.
|
